THE
ALIED PARATROOPER TRANSPORTER
After the First World War it was the Germans forbidden,
by the treaty of Versailles, to operate or own (motorised)
aircraft. And because of this, Germany researched the
possibility to use gliders for military use. These experiments
were noticed by Great Britain and the United States and they
also saw the cheap way to transport huge amounts of troops and
supplies behind enemy lines.
The General
Aircraft Hotspur
The first real British transport glider was built by
General Aircraft Ltd at Feltham. It made it's first success
full flight on 5 November 1940. The first production Hotspur
arrives for operational use at Ringway on 6 February 1941.
There was room for eight full battle dressed men or 1000 kg in
cargo. The Hotspur saw no action, but was used as a training glider.
Technical
data: General Aircraft Hotspur
Span: 14 m, Length: 12 m, Full take-off weight: 1650
kg. Total built: 1015
The General
Aircraft GAL49 'Hamilcar'
Specification X.27/40 asked for a glider who could carry a
light tank. This idea, to transport heavy armour through the
air, was not new. As early as 1935, the Russians transported a
T-37 tank on a pallet under a TB-3 bomber. The contract to
built the new transport glider goes to General Aircraft Ltd.
With the designation GAL49 it became soon known as the
'Hamilcar', after the Carthagian general and father of
Hannibal. On 27 March 1942 it made it's first flight.
There was space for 40 men in the back of the glider, but
this was seldom used as such. The primary cargo was the light
Tetrarch tank. Because of the heavy weight, the Halifax Mk III
is chosen as its towplane. During D-Day some 70 Hamilcars were
used. There was also a version that was motorised, called the
Mk X. It had two Bristol Mercury 31 engines and there were
only 20 built. The Mk X never saw any action.
Technical
data: General Aircraft Hamilcar
Crew: 2, Span: 33.5 m, Length 20.3 m, Height 6.17 m
Take-off weight: 16.329 kg, Cargo: 7000 kg Total built:
412
An Halifax
tows an Horsa
The Airspeed
A.S.51 & A.S.85 'Horsa'
The Airspeed A.S.51 'Horsa' became the most built frontline
transport glider for the British. De A.S.51 was developed
during 1940 under Specification X.26/40. Seven prototypes were
built, five by Airspeed and two by Fairey. On 12 September 1940
is the first flight with a Horsa behind a Whitley bomber. The
first military action with the A.S.51 is when 2 Horsa's are
being deployed in a commando raid against the 'Heavy Water
Plant' near Rjukan, Two Halifax bombers with Horsa's attached, with inside a group of
volunteers of the Royal Engineers, departed on 19 November 1942
from a Scottish aerodrome. Unfortunately, both gliders and one
Halifax were lost. From the first Horsa nine men, from the seventeen,
survive the crash. These survivors were shot or killed with
poison by the Germans. From the other Horsa, three are killed
on impact and the others are murdered by an order from Hitler
himself. The next operation is on 10 July 1943, when Horsa's
take part in the airborne operations to invade Sicily. A total
of 140 gliders are deployed that day. 27 A.S.51's are among
the Waco Hadrians. Not only the Halifax was used as a tow
plane, also the Short Stirling.
Airspeed
A.S.51 'Horsa'
Technical
data : A.S.51, Horsa Mk I
Crew: 2 & 20 à 25 men, Wingspan: 26.8 m, Length:
20.4 m, Heigth: 5.9 m
Emptyweight: 3797 kg, Take-off weight: 7031 kg, Gliding
speed: 161 km/h
Technical
data : A.S.58, Horsa Mk II (hinged nosedoor for loading and
unloading light vehicles and equipment.)
Crew: 2 & 20 à 25 men, Wingspan: 26.8 m, Length:
20.7 m, Height: 6.2 m
Empty weight: 3797 kg, Take-off weight: 7144 kg, Gliding
speed: 161 km/h
Total built: 3792 (2231 Mk I's & 1561 Mk II's)
6 JUNE, 1944,
D-DAY
World famous became the Horsa when it was used in the
motion picture 'The Longest Day' when a
couple lands besides the bridge across the Caen canal. The
bridge was later called 'Pegasus' after the insignia of the
British 6th Airborne Division.
Left, the
Horsa's near Pegasus bridge, (r), the bust of Major Howard on
the LZ (photo; Jos Pangels)
After three initial actions, 68 Horsa's and 4 Hamilcars arrived around 03.30
hours in the morning of June 6th with reinforcements of the 6th Airborne Division.
Because of the strong side wind only
47 Horsa's and 2 Hamilcars reach their designated
'landingzone' (LZ), the others land widely spread in the area
around the Orne and Dives river. Later that day another 250
gliders, mostly Horsa's, swooped in and brought an additional 7.500 men into
the British sector. Not only the British operated the Horsa,
the American 82nd and 101st made also good use of the Airspeed
Horsa.
A Horsa
ready for departure
In the night around 04.00 hours some 52 gliders land in
the American sector. Many of them crash in the earth walls and
in the so-called 'Rommel-asparagus' (long poles in the fields,
especially against gliders). At the LZ 'E', near Vierville and
St-Marie-du-Monde crashes the glider with Brigadier-General
Donald F. Pratt. He becomes the first high officer to be
killed on D-Day. Later that day another 32 gliders arrives
around 21.00 hours. Because of the high casualties during the
landings it is decided not to bring any more troops by the
gliders. The remaining men of the 101st Airborne Division is
brought over sea by landingcraft. Just as with the 101st, the
82nd Airborne brings in reinforcements by gliders. The first
badge lands around 04.00 hours in 52 gliders in the north-east
from St-Mere-Eglise, and in the evening at 21.00 hours another
76 gliders arrive, and around 23.00 hours a badge of 100
gliders. Unfortunately, just as with the 101st, the casualties
are extreme high. 300 men, pilots and crew, got killed because
of the crashes and the German Flak. Of the both divisions,
82nd and 101st, 1200 men are lost in the first 24 hours.
The Waco
CG-4A (Hadrian)
The work horse under the gliders used by the United States
in the Second World War, is the Waco CG-4A (C = Combat, G =
Glider, 4A = Model). The Waco Aircraft Company in Troy, Ohio
builds a craft with a wooden floor, a welded steel frame
covered with fabric. A hinged cockpit, that swings upwards,
gives way to 13 men or a jeep with a 75mm cannon. It is far from
a beauty, but the glider is used for one mission only and
after landing it is destroyed or abandoned. Test flights are
started in 1942. Fifteen company's take on the production of
the CG-4A. When the CG-4A arrives in Great Britain it is given
the nickname 'Hadrian'.
The first action for the CG-4A is during the invasion of
Sicily. During D-Day, the 82nd and the 101st Airborne Division
use the CG-4A in huge numbers. Around Carentan lands alone 53
Hadrians and 32 Horsa's.
Technical
data: Waco CG-4A 'Hadrian'
Crew: 2, Wingspan: 25 m, Length 14 m, Take-off weight:
3400 kg, Total build: 13.000
September 17,
1944, MARKET GARDEN
17 September 1944, 588 Horsa's, 58 Hamilcars with tanks and
4 CG-4A Hadrians take off to bring the 1st Airborne Division
near Arnhem. It was a lost battle. After four days against a
tough German resistant the Allies realise that all their
efforts were going awash. Of the Glider Pilot Regiment, 23
officers and 124 NCO's got killed, 31 officers and 438 NCO's
are made prisoner by the Germans. This group of men was
responsible for bringing in, with 660 gliders, 4500 men, 95
heavy guns and 544 jeeps or other heavy equipment. Without any
doubt an enormous achievement.
Between October 1944 and January 1945, some gliders were
rescued by C-47's in a spectacular
manner. These saved gliders were used again for crossing the Rhine river
in March 1945.
For, how they did it?: SEE THIS SHORT MOVIE
(Hit, after the movie, the back-button to return)
Slingsby
Hengist
The Slingsby Hengist was developed in case the Horsa would
turn out to be a failure. When 18 Hengist were build, the
production was stopped.
March 24,
1945, Operation VARSITY
The last big airborne operation, the crossing of the Rhine,
was on 24 March, 1945. Not only the biggest airborne
operation, also the most succesfull. A total of 1572 transport
planes, 1326 gliders and 899 escort fighters took part in this
single action. To defend the eastern sector some 2153 fighter
planes were active. The British 6th and the American 17th Airborne Division were the
divisions that made a jump that day or were brought in by gliders. The 13th was kept in
reserve, but they were not needed, the German forces were
completely overrun by the force of the Allied troops.
Left, a
cockpit of a Horsa, right, a Hadrian (both during
restoration)
Home-page 'Battlefield
Normandy'
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