Other types that they created were the Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineer (AVRE) tanks. These vehicles were especially produced to fill in bomb craters and tank ditches with a load of wood. Other tanks were to carry bridges on their backs so vehicles could climb over obstacles or pass small waterways. For the crossing of swampy areas or loose sand there was a Churchill tank rebuilt with an enormous role of canvas in front of the tank. This so called 'Bobbin' could roll a passable road over 100 metres and 3 metres wide. For destroying bunkers and other strong points from up close some Churchill tanks were rebuilt to carry the Petard mortar. The grenades were that big that these were called 'Flying Dustbins'.

Then there was the 'Crocodile', a Churchill tank rebuilt as a flame-thrower. The flame would shoot over a range of 80 metres! From a little trailer, that was connected to the rear of the tank, the fuel was brought under high pressure before being released.

The British troops made great use of the 'Hobart's Funnies', but the Americans were not that enthusiastic. They only set their eyes on the DD tanks and a few 'Crocodiles'. Because of this bad judgement the infantry on OMAHA Beach lacked heavy fire power and minesweeping vehicles, this decision did cost a lot of lives and time. (I'll have to make a note here, OMAHA was not really suitable to use the 'Funnies' because of the high dunes in this area. This would interfere with the movement of these tanks).

There are still some DD tanks you can find in Normandy. The most impressive are in the underwater museum just outside Port-en-Bessin, on the D 6. Another (a Canadian) stands as a memorial in Courseulles.

The Churchill tank with a Petard mortar near Gray-sur-Mer

A Churchill with the Petard mortar stands as a monument near Bernières. Another AVRE Churchill, 'One Charlie', you'll find in the dunes near Gray-sur-Mer.

'Regular' M4 Sherman tanks can be found at the Memorial Museum at Bayeux, the OMAHA Museum, the UTAH Museum, in Arromanches and the museum St-Mere-Eglise.

The first Bailey bridge built in France was over the Caen canal at Bénouville. It was placed a few hundred meters south of Pegasus bridge. The bridge was built on June 8, 1944 to conduct better handling of supplies between both sides and not to depend on the Pegasus bridge and the bridge over the Orne river, a hundred meters to the north.It was not the first Bailey bridge that was laid, in Sicily and the main land of Italy already hundreds were placed (a total of more than 3000 were placed in Italy alone).

The Bailey bridge was called after her designer, Donald Bailey. He worked as a civil servant at the British War Office. In his spare time he built models of bridges and showed one of these to his superiors. His design was looked over and after a positive thumbs-up a bridge of real proportions was constructed. In 1941 the Bailey bridge became the official Standard Military Bridge. It was entered in the service of the Corps of Royal Engineers and it was first used during the campaign in Sicily, 1943. The American also used the bridge and built the components through license. A total of 40 kilometers of bridges was built during the war by the British and American. They used 490.000 tons of steel for the construction.

The New Zealander A.M. Hamilton, the designer of the Hamilton-Callender bridge thought that he could claim one of the patents, and placed his claim with Royal Commission for Awards to Inventors. It was honoured, but it was not enough to claim the whole bridge. And Baileys bridge had much more to offer than Hamilton his bridge. The Bailey bridge is still a bridge that is used today by armies. Bailey was rightly knighted for his design. They were placed throughout the whole of Europe, and you can still find Bailey bridges in use today.

A Bailey bridge gets it's strength through its simple assemblage. It is built up in sections and the modules are constructed as one by human strength only, no cranes are necessary. The three meter long side panels are constructed from steel U-beams. To give these strength, some support is placed inside the panels. These completed panels are placed as a double pair on steel beams. On these beams a wooden road is placed. When the bridge becomes too long or it must carry heavy loads, extra panels are placed atop the first row. (see picture below).

After a bridgehead was formed in Normandy after the landings on June 6th, 1944, it was of the most importance to construct airfields for fighters and fighterbombers that could protect and give support to the ground forces. With the first waves of Allied forces on the Normandy beaches, the engineers came to shore. Their first task was to clear the beaches and land from obstacles and to construct bridges. Another task was the construction of the airfields. Often under German fire, the engineers started their work on these ALG's (Advanced Landing Grounds).

First the soil was cleared and flattened, and then covered with Square Mesh Track (SMT). This SMT was developed by the British and consisted of a heavy wire maze (in squares of 8 x 8 cm) on big rolls.

The first airfields in Normandy were constructed in this way. Later ALG's were constructed with Prefabricated Hessian (Burlap) Surfacing (PHS or PBS). This consisted of asphalt impregnated jute of approximately 100 meters in length and 1 meter wide. Because of the closed deck of the PHS, the dust clouds that were created by the propblast of the planes was prevented. It was not uncommon to use PHS and SMT on top of each other, 'the best of both worlds'.

Just as America became involved in the second Word War, they developed PSP, 'Pierced Steel Planking' (also known as; 'Perforated Steel Plating'). Another name that was used for PSP was 'Marsden Matting', from Marston, an airfield in Georgia, US, were it was used the first time. A section of steel PSP was about 3 meters in length and 40 cm wide. It had three rows of round holes (29 in the straight length, 64mm diameter). It was because of this construction that it held its strength, but was light enough to work with. On the side of each PSP were hooks and holes to connect them together.

With 2000 tons of PSP (60.000 pieces) a 100 men could make a runway of 1.5 km length and 50 meters wide in 175 hours. In July 1944 the first PSP was shipped to Normandy. But soon it was clear that the fast moving army outrun the ALG's that were being built. Most of the PSP was used for dispersal places for planes and to accommodate temporary encampments for the Allied troops. After several German airfields were overrun, the damaged runways were mostly rebuilt by filling the holes, then to create new runways. But the PSP was a popular solution for other things than construction of airfields. It was used to construct small bridges, cages, fences and even chairs were 'folded' out of PSP.

By September, 15, 1944, the Americans had 80 airfields and the British 76. The PHS was soon vanished from the theatre of war. But pieces of SMT could be found decades after the war, but is now almost gone. On the other hand, PSP can be found in lots of places all over Normandy. It is used mainly by farmers as fences and as cages to hold their livestock. In the city of Bayeux is a complete wall of a house still covered with PSP. The PSP is a remarkable piece of recent history, and have a nice rusty brown colour against the green background of Normandy.